Usually 256 bit hash is used. 256 bits is 32 bytes or 32 characters. Of course you are losing some entropy because character set is limited, but 32 characters is beyond reasonable anyway.
The eff passphrase generator has about 2.5 bits of entropy per character (without word separators). Eff recommends 6 word passphrases, and with an avg word length of 7, that’s (only) 79.45 bits of entropy that won’t even fit in the 32 characters. If there wasn’t a password length limit it would be possible to saturate the hash entropy with a 20+ word & 102+ char passphrase.
I sort of get it. You don’t want to allow the entire work of Shakespeare in the text field, even if your database can handle it.
You don’t store the original text. You store the hash of it. If you SHA512 it, anything that’s ever given in the password field will always be 64Bytes.
The only “legit” reason to restrict input to 16 character is if you’re using an encryption mechanism that just doesn’t support more characters as an input. However, if that’s the case, that’s a site I wouldn’t want to use to begin with if at all possible.
I’ll admit I kind of typed this without thinking it through. In a secured site, the password would be hashed and salted before storing in the database.
Depending on where you’re doing the hashing, long strings might still slow you down. That being said, from a security standpoint, any gain in entropy by adding characters would be negligible past a certain point. I don’t remember what that number is but it certainly isn’t in the thousands.
That being said, from a security standpoint, any gain in entropy by adding characters would be negligible past a certain point.
That would be completely based on the hash being used. In the example above I showed SHA512 which is 64Bytes. If we’re using ASCII (7 bit per character) as our input then 64 Bytes is just over 73(73.1428…) characters. After that you’re losing data in the hashing process and by that effect it would be negligible… (There’s some wiggle room here in that we can’t type hidden ASCII characters so some passwords over 73 characters would fill those spaces… but detecting collisions is silly and non-trivial… better to just not worry about those at all.)
Extended ASCII would be same premise, just 64 characters instead of 73.
The reality is that nobody is using much more than 64 Bytes for their hashing algorithm for passwords… 64 characters is a good number to max out most of them. Databases don’t need to store much at all regardless of the length of your actual password. If you’re developing an app you can set the database to limit based on the algorithms you’re using. If you have no idea what the web-dev will actually use… then 128 characters on the database field is probably pretty safe (88 I think if storing as Base64, 128 if storing in Hex. Could be off by one here.) and literally trivial to store. The point being that even if every one of your users submitted 10000 character long passwords… that’s irrelevant and trivial for storage as hashes.
There’s a more practical limit. Using US standard keyboard symbols, a 40 char password is about as secure as a 256-bit block cipher key. That’s impossible to break due to thermodynamic limits on computing.
The reason to put a high char limit is to mitigate DoS attacks. It can still be a few hundred chars.
The resulting hash will always be the same size, but you don’t want to have an unlimited upper bound otherwise I’m using a 25GB blueray rip as my password and your service is going to have to calculate the hash of that whenever I login.
Sensible upper bounds are a must to provide a reliable service not open to DDOS exploits.
Sensible upper bounds are a must to provide a reliable service not open to DDOS exploits.
If I choose to make you hash it in browser first… Then I simply don’t care do I? I can hash/salt again when I get your hash.
Edit: There are other answers to the “DDOS problem” that don’t require upper bounds.
And a meteor can hit my server the exact time you send your hash which will DOS you/others as well. What’s your point.
The thread is talking about what it takes to store passwords. There is not DOS potential in a well designed system. Just because you want to arbitrarily conjure up bullshit doesn’t make that any less true.
Rejecting large inputs != disallowing users to have large passwords. Why are you attempting to straw-man me here?
You were saying the input size doesn’t matter because you only store the hash which is always the same size. What I’m saying is that the input size really does matter.
You absolutely should set upper limits on all input fields because it will be abused if you don’t. Systems should validate their inputs, passwords included
And sure, in theory your hashing browser-side could break if you do that. Depending on how much text the user pastes in. But at that point, it’s no longer your problem but the browser’s. 🦹
If you hash in the browser it means you don’t salt your hash. You should absolutely salt your hash, not doing so makes your hashes very little better than plaintext.
Why would you not hash in the browser. Doing so makes sure the plaintext password never even gets to the server while still providing the same security.
Per your edit, you’re misunderstanding what Bitwarden does and why it’s different than normal web site password storage.
Bitwarden is meant to not have any insight into your stored passwords what so ever. Bitwarden never needs to verify that the passwords you’ve stored match your input later on. The password you type into Bitwarden to unlock it is strictly for decrypting the database, and that only happens client side. Bitwarden itself never needs to even get the master password on the server side (except for initial setup, perhaps). It’d be a breach of trust and security if they did. Their system only needs to store encrypted passwords that are never decrypted or matched on their server.
Typical website auth isn’t like that. They have to actually match your transmitted password against what’s in their database. If you transmitted the hashed password from the client and a bad actor on the server intercepted it, they could just send the hashed password and the server would match it as usual.
Because then the hash is the password. Someone could just send the hash instead of trying to find a password that gets the correct hash. You can’t trust the client that much.
You can hash the password on both sides to make it work though.
You could salt it. Distributing a unique salt doesn’t help attackers much. Salt is for preventing precomputing attacks against a whole database. Attacking one password hash when you know the salt is still infeasible.
It’s one of those things in security where there’s no particular reason to give your attacker information, but if you’ve otherwise done your job, it won’t be a big deal if they do.
You don’t hash in the browser because it doesn’t help anything.
It helps against the server being able to read the password, so a bad actor (either the website itself or after a hack) could read your password. Which isn’t bad if you’re using good password hygiene with random passwords, but that sadly is not the norm.
wouldn’t you then just break it up into chunks of 72 bytes, hash them individually, and concatenate the hashes? And if that’s still too long, split the hash into 72 byte chunks and repeat until it’s short enough?
I don’t know the specifics behind why the limit is 72 bytes, but that might be slightly tricky. My understanding of bcrypt is that it generates 2^salt different possible hashes for the same password, and when you want to test an input you have to hash the password 2^salt times to see if any match. So computation times would get very big if you’re combining hashes
It doesn’t matter too much. It’s well past the point where fully random passwords are impossible to brute force in this universe. Even well conceived passphrases won’t get that long. If you’re really bothered by it, you can sha256 the input before feeding it to bcrypt/scrypt, but it doesn’t really matter.
At minimum you need to limit the request size to avoid DOS attacks and such. But obviously that would be a much larger limit than anyone would use for a password.
Even 255 bytes with 10 million entries is only ~2.6GB of data you need to store, and if you have 10 million users the probably $1 a month extra that would cost is perfectly fine.
I suppose there may be a performance impact too since you have to read more data to check the hash, but servers are so fast now it doesn’t seem like that would be significant unless your backend was poorly made.
Oh you mean that the number 256 overflows into 0 in 8-bit range. My joke was leaning more into the idea that when you use all 256 possible bit combinations (1111 1111), it can represent -1 in signed integer formats. Even though 255 is the highest number you can directly represent, there are still 256 total combinations, including zero, so IMO, the joke works.
I just double checked and I have TOTP enabled for my PayPal account so it should be an option.
I just found this support article of theirs and it says it can only be enabled through their website and not through the app (why?!) so you might be running into that?
Probably people would struggle to scan the QR Code with their smartphone. I think most apps can scan it from a image but obviously this would be unsafe, especially when people sync their screenshot to the cloud.
I can 100% confirm totp exist for PayPal, because I’m using it.
Yep. Having to have requirements that doesn’t flow with people very well and requiring constant updates, people WILL find shortcuts. In the office, I’ve seen sheets of paper with the password written down, I’ve seen sticky notes, I’ve seen people put them in notepad/word so they could just copy paste.
This is made worse, because you have to go out of your way for a password manager, which means you need to know what that is. And you need a good one because there has been (and I’m going to generalize here) problems with some password managers in the past. And for work, they have to allow a password manager for that to even be an option. Which you then end up with this security theater.
Not necessarily. Presumably the change password form requires entering the old and new password at the same time. Then they can compare the two as plain text and hash the old password to make sure it matches, then if so, hash the new password and overwrite it. Passwords stored hashed, comparison only during the change process. A theme on this is checking password complexity rules during the login process and advising to update to something more secure. It’s possible because you’re sending the password as plain text (hopefully over a secure connection), so it can be analysed before computing the hash. This even works if the hash is salt and peppered.
There’s a special place in hell for those who set an upper limit in password lengths.
“Your password needs to be less than 65k characters long” >:(
Darn, can’t use the entire Bee Movie on Blu-Ray as my password then.
Reasonable upper limits are OK. But FFS, the limit should be enough to have a passphrase with 4 or 5 words in it.
Usually 256 bit hash is used. 256 bits is 32 bytes or 32 characters. Of course you are losing some entropy because character set is limited, but 32 characters is beyond reasonable anyway.
The eff passphrase generator has about 2.5 bits of entropy per character (without word separators). Eff recommends 6 word passphrases, and with an avg word length of 7, that’s (only) 79.45 bits of entropy that won’t even fit in the 32 characters. If there wasn’t a password length limit it would be possible to saturate the hash entropy with a 20+ word & 102+ char passphrase.
I’d be totally fine woth 32 characters! But I’ve come across too many websites with unreasonably short (20 characters or less) limits.
I sort of get it. You don’t want to allow the entire work of Shakespeare in the text field, even if your database can handle it.
16 characters is too low. I’d say a good upper limit would be 100, maybe 255 if you’re feeling generous.
You don’t store the original text. You store the hash of it. If you SHA512 it, anything that’s ever given in the password field will always be 64Bytes.
The only “legit” reason to restrict input to 16 character is if you’re using an encryption mechanism that just doesn’t support more characters as an input. However, if that’s the case, that’s a site I wouldn’t want to use to begin with if at all possible.
I’ll admit I kind of typed this without thinking it through. In a secured site, the password would be hashed and salted before storing in the database.
Depending on where you’re doing the hashing, long strings might still slow you down. That being said, from a security standpoint, any gain in entropy by adding characters would be negligible past a certain point. I don’t remember what that number is but it certainly isn’t in the thousands.
you might compare 1,000 to 10,000, but more like 0.1% to 0.01%
meaning of this? no. bad grammar.
That would be completely based on the hash being used. In the example above I showed SHA512 which is 64Bytes. If we’re using ASCII (7 bit per character) as our input then 64 Bytes is just over 73(73.1428…) characters. After that you’re losing data in the hashing process and by that effect it would be negligible… (There’s some wiggle room here in that we can’t type hidden ASCII characters so some passwords over 73 characters would fill those spaces… but detecting collisions is silly and non-trivial… better to just not worry about those at all.)
Extended ASCII would be same premise, just 64 characters instead of 73.
The reality is that nobody is using much more than 64 Bytes for their hashing algorithm for passwords… 64 characters is a good number to max out most of them. Databases don’t need to store much at all regardless of the length of your actual password. If you’re developing an app you can set the database to limit based on the algorithms you’re using. If you have no idea what the web-dev will actually use… then 128 characters on the database field is probably pretty safe (88 I think if storing as Base64, 128 if storing in Hex. Could be off by one here.) and literally trivial to store. The point being that even if every one of your users submitted 10000 character long passwords… that’s irrelevant and trivial for storage as hashes.
There’s a more practical limit. Using US standard keyboard symbols, a 40 char password is about as secure as a 256-bit block cipher key. That’s impossible to break due to thermodynamic limits on computing.
The reason to put a high char limit is to mitigate DoS attacks. It can still be a few hundred chars.
The resulting hash will always be the same size, but you don’t want to have an unlimited upper bound otherwise I’m using a 25GB blueray rip as my password and your service is going to have to calculate the hash of that whenever I login.
Sensible upper bounds are a must to provide a reliable service not open to DDOS exploits.
If I choose to make you hash it in browser first… Then I simply don’t care do I? I can hash/salt again when I get your hash. Edit: There are other answers to the “DDOS problem” that don’t require upper bounds.
You can make a client hash it, but if you don’t reject large inputs to your API a client can send enough data to DOS you anyway.
And a meteor can hit my server the exact time you send your hash which will DOS you/others as well. What’s your point.
The thread is talking about what it takes to store passwords. There is not DOS potential in a well designed system. Just because you want to arbitrarily conjure up bullshit doesn’t make that any less true.
Rejecting large inputs != disallowing users to have large passwords. Why are you attempting to straw-man me here?
You were saying the input size doesn’t matter because you only store the hash which is always the same size. What I’m saying is that the input size really does matter.
You absolutely should set upper limits on all input fields because it will be abused if you don’t. Systems should validate their inputs, passwords included
The problem is that you (hopefully) hash the passwords, so they all end up with the same length.
And sure, in theory your hashing browser-side could break if you do that. Depending on how much text the user pastes in. But at that point, it’s no longer your problem but the browser’s. 🦹
If you hash in the browser it means you don’t salt your hash. You should absolutely salt your hash, not doing so makes your hashes very little better than plaintext.
There’s nothing stopping a browser from salting a hash. Salts don’t need to be kept secret, but it should be a new random salt per user.
Why are you hasing in the browser?
Also, what hashing algorithm would break with large input?
Why would you not hash in the browser. Doing so makes sure the plaintext password never even gets to the server while still providing the same security.
Per your edit, you’re misunderstanding what Bitwarden does and why it’s different than normal web site password storage.
Bitwarden is meant to not have any insight into your stored passwords what so ever. Bitwarden never needs to verify that the passwords you’ve stored match your input later on. The password you type into Bitwarden to unlock it is strictly for decrypting the database, and that only happens client side. Bitwarden itself never needs to even get the master password on the server side (except for initial setup, perhaps). It’d be a breach of trust and security if they did. Their system only needs to store encrypted passwords that are never decrypted or matched on their server.
Typical website auth isn’t like that. They have to actually match your transmitted password against what’s in their database. If you transmitted the hashed password from the client and a bad actor on the server intercepted it, they could just send the hashed password and the server would match it as usual.
Because then the hash is the password. Someone could just send the hash instead of trying to find a password that gets the correct hash. You can’t trust the client that much.
You can hash the password on both sides to make it work though.
Because then that means you don’t salt your hashes, or that you distribute your salt to the browser for the hash. That’s bad.
You could salt it. Distributing a unique salt doesn’t help attackers much. Salt is for preventing precomputing attacks against a whole database. Attacking one password hash when you know the salt is still infeasible.
It’s one of those things in security where there’s no particular reason to give your attacker information, but if you’ve otherwise done your job, it won’t be a big deal if they do.
You don’t hash in the browser because it doesn’t help anything.
It helps against the server being able to read the password, so a bad actor (either the website itself or after a hack) could read your password. Which isn’t bad if you’re using good password hygiene with random passwords, but that sadly is not the norm.
With comments like this all over public security forums, it’s no wonder we have so many password database cracks.
bcrypt has a maximum password length of 72 bytes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt#Maximum_password_length
wouldn’t you then just break it up into chunks of 72 bytes, hash them individually, and concatenate the hashes? And if that’s still too long, split the hash into 72 byte chunks and repeat until it’s short enough?
I don’t know the specifics behind why the limit is 72 bytes, but that might be slightly tricky. My understanding of bcrypt is that it generates 2^salt different possible hashes for the same password, and when you want to test an input you have to hash the password 2^salt times to see if any match. So computation times would get very big if you’re combining hashes
Damm, I legit didn’t knew there bcrypt had a length limit! Thank you for another reason not to use bcrypt
Scrypt has the same limit, FWIW.
It doesn’t matter too much. It’s well past the point where fully random passwords are impossible to brute force in this universe. Even well conceived passphrases won’t get that long. If you’re really bothered by it, you can sha256 the input before feeding it to bcrypt/scrypt, but it doesn’t really matter.
At minimum you need to limit the request size to avoid DOS attacks and such. But obviously that would be a much larger limit than anyone would use for a password.
What’s a sensible limit. 128 bytes? Maybe 64?
I’d say 128 is understandable, but something like 256 or higher should be the limit. 64, however, is already bellow my default in bitwarden
Also rate of the requests. A normal user isn’t sending a 1 MiB password every second
Even 255 bytes with 10 million entries is only ~2.6GB of data you need to store, and if you have 10 million users the probably $1 a month extra that would cost is perfectly fine.
I suppose there may be a performance impact too since you have to read more data to check the hash, but servers are so fast now it doesn’t seem like that would be significant unless your backend was poorly made.
Yeah but what if I have one user with 9.9 million accounts? That bastard
Account georg
The eBay password limit is 256 characters.
They made the mistake of mentioning this when I went to change my password.
Guess how many characters my eBay password has?
Just paste it in here and I count the characters for you.
-1?
0*
I’m not sure what you’re implying with this. But how did you dig this up anyway?
255=-1, 256=0
btw, the internet never forgets
Oh you mean that the number 256 overflows into 0 in 8-bit range. My joke was leaning more into the idea that when you use all 256 possible bit combinations (
1111 1111), it can represent -1 in signed integer formats. Even though 255 is the highest number you can directly represent, there are still 256 total combinations, including zero, so IMO, the joke works.Damn signed bytes!
69
oh yeah
Just opened a PayPal account and their limit is 20. Plus the only 2fa option is sms 🙃.
I just double checked and I have TOTP enabled for my PayPal account so it should be an option.
I just found this support article of theirs and it says it can only be enabled through their website and not through the app (why?!) so you might be running into that?
https://www.paypal.com/uk/cshelp/article/what-is-2-step-verification-and-how-do-i-turn-it-on-or-off-help167
Probably people would struggle to scan the QR Code with their smartphone. I think most apps can scan it from a image but obviously this would be unsafe, especially when people sync their screenshot to the cloud.
I can 100% confirm totp exist for PayPal, because I’m using it.
That last part definitely isn’t true.
Especially since it takes more effort to limit it than leave it wide open for whatever length of password a user wants to use.
nvarchar(max)is perfect to store the hashed copy.Oh and also, “change this every four weeks please.”
Okay then. NEW PASSWORD: pa$$word_Aug24
Yep. Having to have requirements that doesn’t flow with people very well and requiring constant updates, people WILL find shortcuts. In the office, I’ve seen sheets of paper with the password written down, I’ve seen sticky notes, I’ve seen people put them in notepad/word so they could just copy paste.
This is made worse, because you have to go out of your way for a password manager, which means you need to know what that is. And you need a good one because there has been (and I’m going to generalize here) problems with some password managers in the past. And for work, they have to allow a password manager for that to even be an option. Which you then end up with this security theater.
coughLastPasscough
“Problems”. What an delightfully understated term to use.
the password cannot contains the same sequences of characters as the old password.
and i have seen this requirement in a service that requires changing it every month for some reasons.
and this is to manage a government digital identity that allows to log it in all governments websites.
That’s a weird way to say “we store your password in plaintext”
Not necessarily. Presumably the change password form requires entering the old and new password at the same time. Then they can compare the two as plain text and hash the old password to make sure it matches, then if so, hash the new password and overwrite it. Passwords stored hashed, comparison only during the change process. A theme on this is checking password complexity rules during the login process and advising to update to something more secure. It’s possible because you’re sending the password as plain text (hopefully over a secure connection), so it can be analysed before computing the hash. This even works if the hash is salt and peppered.
Invalid password, maximum 13 characters.
pa$$word0824
Only a maximum of 3 digits allowed
password must not start with digit
Basically guaranteed to be a clear text offender