Csgo and 2 have a “trust” system to keep track of player behavior and put you in games with others of similar trust value. So if you get reported often or have a history of bad behavior, you’re more likely to be put in games with other bad actors, and vice versa. Idk how effective it is though.

Honestly there isn’t a great solution, which is kind of why I avoid competitive multiplayer games. Even kernel level anticheats can be circumvented.

The nice thing about vac is that theres pretty much no false positives. And valve will occasionally update it, catching a ton of cheaters off guard and getting them banned.